Critical Analysis Nursing Care for the Older Adult

Critical Analysis Nursing Care for the Older Adult Dementia is an umbrella term to describe a collection of symptoms that develop in association with a progressive disorder of the brain of which dementia of the Alzheimers type is the most common. Other forms of dementia include Lewy body dementia, Picks disease and (MID) multi-infarct dementia (Ramsay et al, 2005). The main features of dementia are a decline in memory, ability to learn and understand in a continuing progression. There are often changes in social behaviour, general motivation and the clients ability to control their own emotions (Burgess, 2005). These changes vary from a gradual to more sudden onset that varies from individual to individual. In the early stages of dementia memory problems are often the most obvious sign (DH, 2009). Mental health practitioners find that memory problems and other needs are only the beginning of the process in making a diagnosis. The doctor is required to check in what ways an individual is not functioning as they would expect. Assessments may be carried out at home in order to gain a clearer image of how the client is managing (Ramsay et al, 2005). The doctor will also need to know the clients medical history including any physical illness and current medication. The doctor will also want to rule out depression as a cause of the memory problems. If the memory problems are attributed to depression, then treatment using an antidepressant could help substantially (Ramsay et al, 2005). Diagnosis is a scientific tool. Beyond that the carer requires an understanding of the clients experience of having a problem or disorder, health and social care needs to be values based as well as evidence based. To translate this philosophy into practice requires that the assessment process be driven by the principles of partnership, holism and personalisation (Atkins et al, 2004). Assessment is a valid and integral part of any nursing intervention and must be performed in partnership with the client (RCN, 2004). Following this, the next step is to consider involvement of various investigations, often carried out in hospital or in a clinic, including the use of blood testing, X-ray and if necessary, brain scanning to discover the cause of the symptoms (Ramsay et al, 2005). To carry out a full assessment of the clients problems, other practitioners are likely to play a part in the assessment as part of a multi-disciplinary team (MDT). Members of the team may include nurses, occupational therapists, psychologists, physiotherapists, social workers and doctors. Making a diagnosis is important as diagnosis affects the type of treatment used (Ramsay et al, 2005) Difficulties that can occur in practice when attempting to engage with clients in an effective manner include; making all of the information that is being exchanged comprehensible to the client, finding methods to reduce frequency of forgetting that can occur, finding methods to encourage clients to feedback information positive or negative to overcome any difficulties that many people can feel in clinical settings (Ley, 1997). The reflective account outlines the importance of communication skills in practice where the nurse can be delivering care to individuals with very specific needs that must be attended to with privacy, comfort and dignity for the health and wellbeing of the patient. In the account it is clear that clients with dementia can find communication, mobility, and physical health problems difficult and in managing the care of clients with dementia although challenging, may be overcome through empathic understanding and best practice including evidence based care delivery. In relation to communication, the most suitable approach is the use of selective questioning, providing information, respecting personal dignity and being clear so that the client understands (Zimmermann, 1998). Patient centred methods of care place demands on nurses because such a method involves responding to the cues from clients in which feelings and emotions are expressed. Nurses are required to develop the expertise to respond in an appropriate manner to the clients feelings and emotions (Stewart et al, 1989). In order to provide high quality person centred care, the needs of each patient must be assessed individually to ascertain additional requirements that the client may have. Conversely, some clients will require less assistance than initially considered by the team. It is equally important to understand these needs in order to respect each clients need for independence (Stewart et al, 1989). Best care can be defined by the underlying principles that communication should always be person centred (Oberg, 2003). Therefore the client should be provided with a quality standard of care that allows a sense of control over the treatment that is being provided. It is vital that the client is involved in their own care and treatment, not only does this maintain the comfort and dignity of the person, but prevents errors and miscommunication leading to an effective client/nurse relationship. In one study findings concluded that actively involving the patient in aspects of care and treatment often leads to earlier recovery and an improved quality of life (Stewart et al, 1989). Overview of Care Practice Reflection in Action In practice, a male client was confused as a result of his dementia. The client was an older adult who used a wheelchair and required assistance with mobility because of a leg amputation. Sometimes the client would try to leave his wheelchair which resulted in him falling to the floor. The client was unable to find the lavatory and was becoming increasingly frustrated by his inability to identify specific places. In addition the client became agitated and at times had difficulty with speaking. On one occasion the client called a nurse who responded to the patient, approaching him slowly from the front and greeted him, and asked How can I help? Is everything ok? The patient responded to the question with an answer I needà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ I need to go to theà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ The client repeated this statement several times with increasing sense of urgency but was unable to find the correct word to finish the sentence due to his level of confusion. The client experienced memory problems and episodes of agitation. Managing the clients ability to be continent was another important consideration in the care of the individual as he used an attachment (catheter) and was occasionally incontinent of faeces (Johns, 2000; Schà ¶n, 1983; 1987). The assessment phase of the nursing process is fundamental at this stage of the interaction so that the nurse was able to ascertain if the client required the use of the toilet (Kozier, 2004). The nurse asked the client if he needed to use the toilet. The client responded by nodding his head and saying yes. The planning phase of the nursing process is equally important at this stage. The nurse informed the client that he would show him the way and escorted the client to the toilet. When speaking to the client the nurse was careful to maintain eye-contact and speak slowly and calmly to ensure that the client would understand. Whilst being escorted the client explained that he had been incontinent of faeces. The client began apologising but the nurse reassured him and explained that he would get him some fresh clothes (Johns, 2000; Schà ¶n, 1983; 1987). The nurse was able to provide comfort and maintain the dignity of the client as well as the clients confidence in the nurses abilities. The client was reassured and an explanation of the procedure was provided to the person in a step-by-step process, asked if he understood and if he was agreeable. The client confirmed he was agreeable and began to converse with the nurse and appeared much more relaxed. The client responded with additional banter and appeared more content. The client was able to carry out more intimate aspects of his personal cleansing so that further consideration to preserving his dignity and independence was maximised. The nurse recommended that the clients catheter bag was emptied on a more regular basis to aid comfort and reduce distress (Johns, 2000; Schà ¶n, 1983; 1987). The NMC (2008) guidelines stipulate that nurses maintain the respect, dignity and comfort of clients. After being washed the client was assisted with putting on clothing, explaining each step slowly, the client responded y following each step and no longer appeared agitated and was returned to the lounge in a wheelchair. The student reported the information to the rest of the team and discussed regular catheter care for the client. Reflection on Action During the reflection in action (Johns, 2000; Schà ¶n, 1983; 1987) the nurse was able to quickly and effectively clean and change the client with comfort and dignity through implementation of the nursing process and incorporating the ideas of assessment, diagnosis and planning phases of care. The reflection on action (Schà ¶n, 1983; 1987) highlights what the nurse was trying to achieve and provides opportunity to consider alternatives for future practice. Care was delivered to the client using the Care Programme Approach (CPA) and the procedure implemented to offer a framework to complement policy documents and therefore allow the process to be followed. The approach allows mental health practitioners to provide a structured pattern of care throughout the process, assess clients need, plan ways to meet the needs and check that the needs are being met (DH, 2007). Those who experience dementia may find some tasks increasingly difficult such as everyday tasks of living, including washing and dressing without assistance or with finding the right words when talking. Interaction for the person can become increasingly difficult and distressing for the client in their relationship with others (Ramsay et al, 2005). Dementia care practice provides opportunities to mental health nurses on how to engage effectively with clients. During the initial contact stages of any nurse and client interaction it is important that the nurse keeps the environment simplified and to eliminate noise that can distract the client (Zimmermann, 1998). It is useful if the nursing team minimises activity occurring in a shift change because a confused client may misunderstand nurses saying goodbye to each another and may wish to leave. Approaching the client slowly and making eye contact can reduce any risk of alarming the client (Zimmermann, 1998). Also the nurse should speak slowly and calmly with pauses so that the client responds to the content of the communication and not the mannerisms of the nurse (Zimmermann, 1998). These skills may help to reduce the clients anxiety and confusion. The National Service Framework (NSF) for older people sets out national standards and service models of health/social care that older people using mental health services can expect to receive, whether they are living at home, in care or are in hospital (DH, 2001; WAG, 2006). Older people are generally referred to as anyone aged sixty and over and the national ten year initiative is to ensure better health and social care services for people meeting the criteria. It includes older people with dementia, carers and ethnic minority groups. In addition, age discrimination and patient-centred care have been identified as two key areas. Including the NSF, there have been a number of campaigns to promote dignity in the care of older people, recognising that standards of care in some cases are poor and inadequate (DH, 2006a). Unfortunately, there has been a lack of clarity associated with the notion of dignity and the appropriate minimum standards and/or recommendations that should be applied. For example, in an attempt to address the concerns of dignity the Department of Health published an online public survey around the views of dignity and care provision (DH, 2006a). Results of the survey reported that a many aspects of care were identified by older people as vital in maintaining dignity, such as respecting the person and communicating effectively. The Lets Make It Happen NSF (2002) outlines eight standards of care that address issues such as age discrimination, person centred care, mental health and the promotion of health and active life in old age. The success of the NSF for Older People depends on how well it is being implemented. Lets Make It Happen follows the NSF for Older People in 2001 and focuses on examples of research and good practice through evidence based care provision, which demonstrates how implementing good practice can improve peoples quality of life and should also help to develop ideas for how the NSF might be implemented (Alzheimers Society, 2002). In 2006, the Department of Health released a report: A New Ambition for Old Age, in an attempt to move the requirements outlined in the National Service Framework forward, and offers details of the next stage of healthcare reforms for older people. This documentation places older peoples needs as integral to care planning and delivery, with respect and the maintenance of dignity by recognising the existing issues around health related age discrimination (Department of Health 2006b). Furthermore, the Department of Health have established a set of benchmarking tools to root out age discrimination and to advance person-centred care (Department of Health 2007a). This is to be achieved, in the first place, by actively listening to the views of users and carers about the services they need and want (Department of Health 2007a). Within Wales the Care Programme Approach (CPA) is highly regarded as the cornerstone of the Governments mental health policy and procedures. The framework was introduced in 2004 for the care of people with mental health issues who are accepted as clients by mental health services in an inpatient or community setting. All NHS Trusts in Wales participated in a review and all had processes in place to deliver CPA to clients (Elias Singer, 2009). Although the review sample was small, findings were consistent across all the organisations, and demonstrated that CPA had not been implemented as effectively as it should. If this randomly selected sample is representative of all mental health services in Wales, there is a risk that services are failing clients and carers due to a lack of adequate risk management processes, a lack of focus on the outcome of patient interventions, and a lack of service planning and service models to safely and adequately meet clients needs. Greater focus is nee ded on the assessment and management of risk (Elias Singer, 2009). Practitioners must be prepared and fully trained to fulfil the role of care co-ordinator. Information systems need to meet client needs rather than organisational priorities. The current system is very complex and bureaucratic particularly where CPA and the Unified Assessment (UA) have been integrated into a single process. A record management system needs to be developed that supports CPA and UA whilst also providing the least administrative burden for clinicians and practitioners (Elias Singer, 2009). A significant amount of evidence exists suggesting that providing care for a person with dementia is not only stressful, but can also have a negative impact on the carers mental health (Cooper et al, 1995). Recently, government policy has expressed the importance of offering support to carers. This has been highlighted by the Audit Commission report examining mental health services for older people (2000). Research suggests that carers needs are multifaceted, and that support is needed at times of transition, for example diagnosis, admission of the person they are caring for to residential care and the death of the person with dementia. (Aneshensel et al, 1995). The need for more advanced training in the field of dementia care has been recognised for quite some time (Keady et al, 2003). NICE and the Social Care Institute for Excellence (SCIE) recently developed guidelines for supporting people with dementia and their carers (NICE SCIE, 2007). The guidelines identified the main therapeutic interventions and when and why they should be used. The principal focus of care should involve maximising independent living skills and enhancing client function. This will involve assisting clients to adapt and develop their skills to minimise the need for support (NICE SCIE, 2007). This should start in the early stages of the condition, and could involve a number of services and the clients carers. Providing care in ways that promote independence is liable to take time, but it is the core intervention for people with dementia on a therapeutic basis. The NICE and SCIE (2006) guideline identified key interventions that should be utilized for maximising function. Care plans are vitally important and should include the activities that are important for maintaining independence. Care plans should take account of the individuals type of dementia, their needs, interests, preferences and life histories (NICE SCIE, 2006). Obtaining advice about clients independent toilet skills is important. If the client experiences episodes of incontinence, any possible causes should be assessed and then treatment options tried before the team concludes that incontinence is permanent. Physical exercise should be encouraged when possible and facilitated in a safe environment, with ass essment advice from a physiotherapist when required. As exercise is thought to help improve continence problems, loss of mobility and improve endurance, physical strength and balance in falls prevention (NICE, 2004) physical exercise should be promoted by all staff. Therapeutic interventions for the cognitive symptoms of dementia are comprised of psychological and pharmacological treatments. However, providing supportive levels of care that encourage clients to maintain as much of their independent functions as possible is equally as important as any specific interventions for the cognitive symptoms of dementia (NICE, 2007; Moniz-Cook Manthorpe, 2009). Much has been written about medical and social models of dementia, some of which has implied that there are a number of different ways of looking at dementia, one as a disease model and one as a disability. Some of these differences are described in Tom Kitwoods Dementia Reconsidered (Kitwood, 1999). Kitwood described the medical model as the standard paradigm, and argues eloquently that it is the wrong model to use. Dementia is an illness that causes a progressive decline in cognitive abilities and there are demonstrable changes to the brain. It is, however very important to remember that we are treating a person with dementia. How the condition presents depends on the clients personality, their relationships with others, and who they are as a person (Kitwood, 1999). Nurses and GPs have cited inadequate professional training as one of the main factors influencing their ability to provide an optimal service to people with dementia (Iliffe Drennan, 2001; Alzheimers Society, 1995). However, it is not known what method of training would equip them with the right range of knowledge and skills. Around 700,000 people in the UK have dementia, and this number is predicted to double to 1.4 million over the next 30 years (DH, 2009). Conclusion In summary, dementia is a debilitating disorder that is having a massive impact on mental health services. The introduction of numerous frameworks for the care of the older adult and other policy documents have set the standards expected of mental health professionals and backs up evidence based care with a high standard of principals and values (RCN, 2004; DH, 2009,). The number of people being diagnosed with a dementia is increasing, and although difficult to manage, through continued research, development and training of staff and practicing with empathy, treating clients with dignity and respect and upholding the core values of the nursing profession (NMC, 2008) dementia care services and service providers may transcend the potential difficulties that lay ahead. In these uncertain times it is comforting that the care of the older adult has not been forgotten.

“Good for the economy bad for the environment” Assessing the statement with two contrasting leisure activities

In June last year, the football world cup finals were held in Japan and Korea. What did this mean for Japan? Well the arrival of so many people from outside Japan presented many opportunities and also caused problems. Hosting the World Cup Finals gave Japan and Korea a superb opportunity to boost their tourism figures. At that moment, Japan was 36th on the global tourist list (based on the number of tourists who visit each year). The Japan National Tourist Organization felt that this didn't match the country's economy and population. Pictures of the two host countries were going to be on TV screens around the world for the duration of the tournament and both Japan and Korea hoped that this would boost their numbers for annual visitors. It was anticipated that around 365,000 spectators (Japan Times, July 26 2001) were going to travel to Japan from overseas to attend the tournament. Most of them were going to travel by air. An idea to ease congestion was that Tokyo's main international airport Narita was to have a new runway built, so that two planes would be able to take off simultaneously. Because the finals were going to be held in Japan and Korea, the number of flights between the two countries was going to increase. Spectators may have needed to get from one country to another as their team progressed through the tournament. The matches were being played in ten different cities all over Japan. So rail, road and air links between these cities had to be able to cope with an increase in traffic. The areas surrounding the stadiums also had to be able to cope with the huge number of people attending the games – over 40 000 for each. This meant that road access had to be improved, and in some cases, as in Shizuoka, a new railway station had to be built near the stadium. The more direct impact for so many people was litter, and waste disposal, with such a large increase in visitors into the two countries the amount of litter and waste disposal was also going to increase by a large amount. And what about hooliganism? One company, Yokohama Nisshin Fire & Marine Insurance Co. in Japan offered to sell insurance against hooliganism. This also was a major issue that the two countries faced. Japan and Korea world cup organizers had to prepare for hooliganism. The World Cup Safety Countermeasure Headquarters had compiled a database on known foreign hooligans to prevent them from entering Korea. It deployed squads of riot police at every stadium to promptly quell possible disturbances. At the same time, they had to seriously consider prohibiting sales of alcohol at the matches. What will be the economic effects of hosting the World Cup? Well it was also possible to turn a profit on the event? The far-reaching economic effects of hosting the World Cup can be largely divided into two – a direct and an indirect effect. Far Reaching Economic Effects of the World Cup Unit: US$ 100 million won, 1,000 persons Classification Details Expenditure volume Economic effects Value added Job creation Investment expenditures Construction of stadiums, surrounding roads 23,882 36,023 220 Consumption expenditure Ordinary expenditure by the organizing committee Tourism spending by foreigners 4,000 6, 825 17,334 130 Total 34,707 53,357 350 The direct effect covered the boosts to the economy created by the construction of infrastructure such as stadiums and the access roads, expenditures by the organizing committee to run the event and spending by foreign tourists. In a report, the Korea Development Institute (KDI) predicted that the event would create 350,000 jobs and raise industrial production by 11.48 trillion won ($8.82 billion). The income derived from spending by the 400,000 foreign visitors was estimated to reach 682.5 billion won ($525 million). In particular, it forecasted that it would create 5.34 trillion won ($4.10 billion) in value added, amounting to more than 1 percent of GDP in 2000 (517 trillion won, $397 billion). The report concludes that the overall value added created would surpass the total expenditure of 3.47 trillion won ($2.67 billion), resulting in a â€Å"surplus† of 1.87 trillion won ($1.44 billion). The indirect effect covered the benefits that became apparent in the post-event period. They were associated with improvements in the external images of the host country and its corporations and were measured through increases in exports and the volume of inbound foreign investment. It was no exaggeration to say that prime attraction of any government in hosting the World Cup is to maximize such intangible publicity effects. The contrasting leisure activity that I had chosen is skiing in the French Alps. Ski tourism has prospered and grew since the 1060's in the French Alps, and as a result, a large number of resorts have been developed to cope with the high demand. There has been a lot of heavy investment, which has been put into the expensive infrastructure, such as the creation and construction of new ski lifts, the creation of new ski runs, and the maintenance of the resort. But this continued growth of ski tourism in the Alps is having its turn of serious negative effects on the physical environment. The main negative effect on the mountain environment, caused by ski tourism and the resort, such as â€Å"Serre Chevalier† is that its starting to scar the landscape, and with deforestation occurring where ski runs are and have been created on the wooded mountain sides, it's resulting in the increase of run-off, erosion and the potential for environmental hazards, such as flooding to occur. The effects of the skiing industry on Mont Lozere can also be investigated. Heavy ski-traffic after good winter snow conditions leaves its mark on the landscape for many years. The ski tows on Mont Lozere operated for 85 days during the 1998/1999-ski season. The 1999/2000 Season was poor, with the ski tows only open for 5 days. Skiing on Mont Lozere is at best of times unpredictable! Since the 1960's, local and regional authorities have encouraged the development of downhill skiing in the Massif Central in an attempt to bring some of the economic benefits associated with this huge growth industry, to the area. Unfortunately, due to the rather unreliable snow conditions in the southern part of the Massif Central, not all the ski developments have become commercially successful. There are also many environmental issues associated with alpine skiing, such as gulling, deforestation and the positioning of unsightly ski tows in the core zone of the Cevennes National Park. Another case study would be â€Å"Ski Chalet du Mont Lozà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½re†. The on-piste and off-piste transects are used to assess the damage caused by skiing to the physical environment. The visual impact of the ski chalet and the resort infrastructure are assessed, and the attitudes of a cross section of people are included, for example those employed in the industry, tourists, and local people, to assess the impact of the skiing industry on the local economy. The Creation of Ski Resorts-The creation of such ski resorts, in scenic and un-spoilt environments, has placed great pressures on the physical landscape with large numbers of tourists using the mountain ski slopes each year, not always in ideal snow conditions, creating stresses on these unique alpine environments, due to tourism. Problems Created by Ski Tourism-Ski tourism creates many problems, such as increased traffic, problems with access, congestion and pollution. Increased numbers of people result in the need for more houses, hotels, and facilities to be constructed, causing problems with water demand, waste disposal and visual intrusion. Ski tourism has ecological impacts on the environment and physical landscape, with erosion of soils, depopulation of plant species and deforestation, leading to increased erosion and probability of hazards occurring. The Environmental Impacts-The environmental impacts of ski tourism in the ski resort of â€Å"Serre Chevalier† can be clearly seen. The scars that are created by ski runs are visible in all seasons. It does not just affect the aesthetic quality of the area, but more important are the resulting consequences. Such devastation of forest, in large paths and swoops, across the mountainsides, causes soil degradation, erosion, landslides and increased run-off leading to flooding. Deforestation and Erosion-Deforestation due to ski run development can cause an increase in erosion due to increased run-off. Deforestation in effect, removes the protection of the canopy and as a result, the soil underneath that was previously protected, is then susceptible to the effects of raindrop impact and increased amounts of run-off, which would have been previously stopped or delayed by the trees. As a result erosion takes hold and more importantly the rate and amount of run-off increases, causing potential hazards to occur such as flooding, especially in these high mountain areas, where sudden downpours of rain, with snow melt can cause surges of water to be sent down the tributaries over a very short period of time.

Differentiating Between Market Structures Essay

We live in a world where a person is describe by the technological gear that they carry. Whether they carry a beepers, flip phones, or the revolutionized smart phones, people are always characterizing themselves and others with the cellular devices they carry. Apple has created a phenomena when they released the innovated iPhone to the world in 2008 which took this company to new heights. Apple Inc started its revolution of the technological industry in 1976 with its found Steve Jobs. Apple Inc has evolved throughout the many years; starting with motherboards for personal computers to later developing their own systems. Apple has always been making strides to becoming the leading provider for personal devices. Upon the success of the iPods, Steve Jobs developed a new pioneering product that would take the cell phone industry to the next level, in 2007 Steve Jobs stood in front of a panel of consumers and demonstrated his new creation of the iPhone First Generation. The crowd stood up and gave a roaring applauds that echoed throughout the room. After that day, he worked to perfect his creation with adapting it to many different functionalities through his various versions of the project. Apple has always been in a leauge of their own until other companies decide to compete with the iPhone. The smart phone uproar has begun with companies like Samsung, LG, Pantech, and HTC started to develop their own interpertation of a smart phone. Companies utilize their consumer’s different personality to find them a perfect suit for their needs. Apple started their smart phone as a monopoly for the first couple months until the release of the first Samsung smart phone to combat the epidemic of the phone that could do it all. Apple has created and released their phone in many different versions (iPhone, iPhone 3G, iPhone 3GS, iPhone 4, iPhone 4S, iPhone 5, iPhone 5C, iPhone 5S). The current phone is the iPhone 5S which sold over 6.5 million devices in the first month of it†s launch. Apple deemed this to be a huge success for the end of the quarter for their company. Apple’s strategy for the sales are to keep consumers cosntantly guessing to what the new phone will feature and when their device will launch; this tactic creates a massive demand for the product. Upon release, the iPhone was a monopoly for the simple fact that it was the first phone with the largest display screen as compared to the typical screen size on  the other phones. For the first time a phone did not incorperate a keypad and a full touch screen to include dialing and sms features. Apple also insured their products would reach new heights when they intergrated the iPod into their phones to allow whatever the consumer downloaded prior to the phone to be played all on the same device where they make phone calls. The smart device market is a oligopoly for the simple fact that few companies manafacture and distribute cellular phones. Their are many different tech companies but there are only a handful that are major competitors to Apple Inc. On the release of the device, AT&T was the first company to carry the device in the United States to make the company a monopoly of the phone which increased the business of the company and also developed a strong partnership until the release of the iPhone 4 where Apple Inc allowed most carriers to carry the device. Upon it’s release in 2007, Apple struggled to keep up with the demand of the device and they accepted they were faced with a increased demand with a limited supply With the proper reseach and manafacturing tactics being in place, Apple Inc released the iPhone 3G in 2008 and sold over one million phones. Although it was a major success to the company, it was speculated amongst their analyst that it could have became a bigger release if they had no restraint on the supply and distrubution aspects. The supply of the iPhone 3GS had room for improvement although the lessions of previous deevice should have been implemented. It took an unusual five business days for the phone to fully ship to consumers who preordered the device versus the promised 24 hours. This device has became a pioneer not only within the United States but it became a growning phenom amongst the major continents such as Asia and Europe. The reason behind the shortage was the increasing demand of the consumers outside of the United States. On average, a company has a gap of 100,000 units each year but it was driven up to one million units demanded due to the higher international demand. If Apple Inc had kept up with all their demand needs, they would have gained more sales over the many years. Throughout Apple Inc years of manafacturing iPhones, the demand and supply has affected the price of the devices. Normally when a company has a increase in demand they create a limited amount of inventory and sell the  units at a higher price, in Apple Inc they intially released the device at a full retail value when their pioneer device was released but they view the area of oppurtunity was to target the middle class. With that research, they allowed the iPhone 3G to be release with a contract in AT&T whcih allowed the device to nearly drop more than half of the price of the first device. This strategy was used to compete with competitors that were advertising their products as being more affordable to the average Americans versus Apple Inc. Apple’s price cut was a strategy to appeal to more buyers at a larger demographic and with that release they reduced the price of the previous one which gained the late bloomers for the device. Apple Inc’s iPhone price strategy can be defined as a inter-temporal price discrimination. Inter0temporal price discrimation is when a company sets a high price for a product to consumers in order to identify the success of a product with the highest willingness to purchase the products and then lower the price to attract the consumers with lower willingness to purchase it. Once Apple Inc has decrease their product they notice a increase of their products from 4.7 million to 15 million iPhone sold. Yes, Apple Inc has risen to their ranks by themselves but along the way they have partnered with many different companies. Apple Inc has embraced their very first partnership with AT&T communications to becoem the first carrier to carry the device. With the release of the iPhone 4S, Apple Inc has reached out to a company called SRI International who made a very interactive feature for the iPhone which elevated what a smart phone is capable of doing. They introduced SIRI, which is a personal assistant who can make notes, set alarms, make witty remarks and much more. This partnership soon became a merger where apple purchased the company and became an Apple Inc branded company. Where there were partnerships there were also enemies that have been made. With the release of the operating system IOS 6, Apple removed anything that had connections to Google and replaced it with their very own platforms. In conclusion, Apple Inc has revolutionized the communication business with the very esquisite device of the Apple iPhone. With the many companies that try to perfect the idea, Apple Inc took the cell phone industry to a whole  new level. In Microeconomics, its all about understanding consumers and why they make the decision in which they do. Apple Inc had discovered a new way to incorperate an entire market, formulate a way that everyone can be involved in this innovention and make this a revolutionizing product.

The Black Death and the Transformation of the West - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1057 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2019/07/03 Category History Essay Level High school Tags: Black Death Essay Did you like this example? I am guilty of literally judging a book by its cover; reading the title alone I didnt think I was going to like it. After the introduction ended, I began to reassess my initial judgement. Personally, I feel that this collection of articles written by David Herlihy, to better understand them, the book should have been rewritten in laymans terms. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Black Death and the Transformation of the West" essay for you Create order Written in more common terminology I feel like it would be comprehended easier. Trying to understand the elaborate train of thought is like trying to follow a needle through a hay stack. Admittingly the idea that Western Europe needed a pandemic to resurrect the country from succumbing to suicide of itself is a quizzical concept from Herlihy. I think Giovanni Villani had the right mind to think that peoples greed or some other reason caused God, not forces, to enact something to bring people back from edge they were balancing on. In the topic of the first chapter, it details out information about each type of bacilli that infects a human to create the plague, how long it lasts and where it might come from. One of the most probable contagions of the plague were rats, which the plague is the most memorable for. However, there are three types; bubonic which produces buboes in the lymph node areas, septicemic which invades the blood stream and pneumonic is when bacillus triggers pneumonia. Bubonic is the most common beating the others by three fourths of occurrences. I can remember watching an episode of NCIS when Special Agent Anthony DiNozzo becomes infected with some strain of pestilent. I understand it now to be the pneumonic plague, because he had pneumonia and sneezed on another agent which they rushed to assume she became infected. In the show they originally thought it was anthrax like the zoologist Graham Twigg argued. But because Herlihy was using new sources while referring to older sources he determin ed that it wasnt anthrax. New information shows that the diagnosis of bubonic plague is the famous one that produces the buboes of lymph nodes. But then after he affirms this information he goes on to questioning it, which makes me question if there was ever a true, fills every checklist box, illness. Is there something that can blatantly characterize these diseases to draw a clear conclusion? This chapter scientifically explains the infection of the plague, which is the part I am more interested in due to my interest in veterinary medicine and biology. The stuff that makes Herlihys book makes me question, is the Malthusian idea that somehow the world itself has a cause and effect that happens to control sustainability of an environment. The Malthusian theory is a system of checks and balances for population versus subsistence of the areas environment. If the population surpasses the production of food, shelter, and resources the country will then need negative checks such as famines and illnesses to regain balance sociality and economically. The famine that happened right before the plague, people say predisposed the malnourished people to the disease. I can relate to this with my background in biology that bacteria need nutrients from their host to survive. If the host doesnt have the nutrients, they cannot make more of themselves. The text even says that women and growing children with anemia could possibly have some immunity to the plague, this makes me wonder if this is a way to make a cure or preventative medicine. There were additional theories but regardless the stalemate of Europe was broken by an outside force, which jump started Europe to rebuild. While the economy is starting to rebuild from the plague, the demographics also took a hit. The second essay discusses the demographic system of the time after the plague. Herlihy explains that social classes experienced a slight change. Gravediggers were in high commodity to bury the infected and dead bodies. This promoted out-of-the-norm situations but gave people jobs when they needed them. Physicians were obviously in high demand, but due to the inability to stop the plague there was distrust in the medical expertise. I feel like hospitals should be to do anything, but they cant. The doctors and nurses dont play God they can only do as much as humanly possible. With mass casualties of all trades, survivors had to step up to fill the spots. This allowed women to serve more important roles in the system changing the social levels for a win. People who had experience with trade or relatives with trade had to teach people that trade because of the rapid deaths, trades people were becoming a rarity. That is terrifying to think of, you oversee teaching other people just tryin g to out survive a wave of death. In the final chapter it discusses the religious aspects of the essays. It mentions a group of Jews that were killed because there was rumor that went around saying they were the source of the epidemic. This was unacceptable, the flat-out murder of human beings out of fear. This rumor spread like a wild fire and endangered peoples lives just because of what they believed in. I heard somewhere, maybe on a show or movie, that being scared is okay but allowing fear to control you is not. If I was back in the ages of the plague I am not sure what I would have done, but I dont ever think I would intentionally go out and murder people for the religion they practice. That is like saying it is okay to kill a person just based off the color of their skin. I would like to think I wouldnt allow it to change me, but I have never had to struggle to just survive. There was some silver lining of clouds, after the decline of education from universities after some time they were able to rebuild bigger and better institutions to continue and further education. To conclude the book of essays from David Herlihy describe the world of the plague, from demographics, economics, relations between people and religion, and some theories of how it occurred. I personally found the book exhausting, it makes you question the things you hear today about the infamous plague in relation to what his findings are. All things considered it is a great reference for someone looking to learn about the plague.